Overview of Electronic Commerce Essay

Electronic trade is the way toward purchasing, selling, or trading items, administrations, and data by means of PC systems. E-business is a more extensive meaning of EC that incorporates not simply the purchasing and selling of products and ventures, yet additionally adjusting clients, working together with colleagues and leading electronic exchanges inside an association. 2. Recognize unadulterated and fractional EC. Organizations using unadulterated EC lead the entirety of their business on the web. Organizations using halfway EC lead a bit of their business on the web and a part of their business disconnected. 3. Characterize snap and-mortar associations. These are associations that transmit web based business exercises, however do their essential business in the physical world. 4. Characterize electronic markets, IOSs, and intraorganizational data frameworks. Electronic market †An online commercial center where purchasers and venders meet to trade products, administrations, cash or data. IOSs †Communication frameworks that permit routine exchange handling and data stream between at least two associations. Intraorganizational data frameworks †Communication frameworks that empower online business exercises to go on inside individual associations. Area 1. 2 Review Questions . Rundown the significant segments of the EC system. The EC structure is comprised of the accompanying segments: individuals, the open strategy, specialized guidelines and conventions, colleagues and bolster administrations. 2. Rundown the major value-based sorts of EC. The major value-based kinds of EC include: business-to-business, business-to-purcha ser, business-to-business-to-shopper, buyer to-business, customer to-shopper, portable trade, intrabusiness EC, business-to-worker, community oriented business, nonbusiness EC, electronic government and trade to-trade. 3. Portray the significant milestones in EC history. The significant tourist spots in EC history started with the utilization of EDI to transmit business data. This was trailed by a wide open acknowledgment of the Internet. The following significant milestone was the advancement of a few early electronic trade destinations on the web and the development of the â€Å"new economy. † Another significant milestone is the slowing down of a significant number of these â€Å"new economy† organizations. 4. Show some EC victories and disappointments. Understudy answers will fluctuate. Area 1. 3 Review Questions 1. Characterize a marketable strategy, business case, and plan of action. A strategy is a composed report that distinguishes the business objectives and blueprints the arrangement to accomplish them. A business case is a composed archive that is utilized by supervisors to accumulate financing for explicit applications for ventures; its significant accentuation is the defense for explicit speculation. A plan of action is a technique for working together by which an organization can create income to support itself. 2. Depict an income model and an incentive. Income model †Description of how the organization or an EC task will gain cash. Incentive †The advantages an organization can get from utilizing EC. 3. Portray the accompanying plans of action: name your own value, offshoot promoting, viral advertising, and item customization. Name your own cost †switch sell off where bidders submit costs they would pay, and the framework endeavors to coordinate those costs with vendors Affiliate promoting †One firm publicizes for another and takes a commission on deals from referrals Viral advertising †Word of mouth showcasing Product customization †making items dependent on singular needs 4. Distinguish plans of action identified with purchasing and those identified with selling. Some plans of action identified with purchasing include: electronic offering frameworks, locate the best value, bunch buying and flexibly chain upgrades. Some plans of action identified with selling include: online direct showcasing, name your own value, subsidiary promoting, purchaser advertising, online closeouts, item and administration customization, electronic commercial centers and trades and flexibly chain upgrades. 5. Depict how a straight flexibly chain can be changed to a center. By permitting all individuals and levels of the flexibly chain to connect straightforwardly with a focal center point (private or outsider), individuals can all the more effectively impart to and fro while improving and smoothing out their general procedures. Segment 1. 4 Review Questions . Portray some EC advantages to associations, people, and society. EC benefits purchasers by giving them comfort, speed, cost, customization, personalization and networks. EC benefits associations by extending the commercial center, making a cost investment funds, improving business forms and advancing intelligence. EC benefits society by improving the way of life and conveyance of open administrations. 2. Rundown the major mechanical and non-innovative constraints of EC. These constraints are summed up in Exhibit 1. 5. Segment 1. 5 Review Questions . Characterize the computerized economy. An advanced economy is an economy that depends on computerized advances, including advanced correspondence systems, PCs, programming, and other related data advances. It might likewise be known as the Internet economy, the new economy, or the Web economy. 2. Rundown the three qualities of the computerized insurgency refered to by Choi and Whinston. These qualities include: a wide assortment of digitized items, money related exchanges being directed carefully, and chip and system capacities implanted in physical merchandise. . Rundown the significant business pressures looked by associations today. The significant business pressures looked by associations can be partitioned into business sectors, cultural and m echanical classifications. 4. Rundown the major authoritative reactions to business pressures. Associations react to business pressures by utilizing: vital frameworks, constant improvement frameworks, business coalitions, electronic markets, expanded efficiencies, representative strengthening, gracefully chain upgrades, and mass customization. 5. Depict how EC underpins association reactions to business pressures. EC, and innovation all in all, give associations approaches to work their organizations all the more productively by offering types of assistance and capacities that in the past have been performed by representatives at not exactly ideal efficiencies. Segment 1. 6 Review Questions 1. Characterize intranets and extranets. An intranet is an inward corporate or government arrange that utilizes Internet devices, for example, Web programs, and Internet conventions. An extranet is a system that utilizes the Internet to associate various intranets. 2. What is a corporate entrance? A corporate entrance is a significant door through which representatives, colleagues and general society can enter a corporate Web webpage. 3. Recognize EC exchange models (e. g. , B2B) in Exhibit 1. 9 (page 27). These would include: ? Selling on the web ? Selling computerized merchandise ? Online sell-offs ? Turn around Auctions ? Gracefully affixes Answers to EC Application Case Questions EC Application Case 1. 1: Voice-Based 511 Traveler Information Line Questions 1. Enter tellme. com and discover more data about this case. Sum up the advantages to the clients. Understudy answers will shift. Clients acquire various advantages, however the biggest is the capacity to rapidly and effectively get to travel data from a solitary number. 2. What is the job of Tellme? What Internet innovation is utilized? Tellme is the innovation supplier that utilizes a voice entrance to get to various Web locales and databases. 3. Will this application be delegated m-business? As l-business? Why or why not? This application is m-trade since it is gotten to with a cell phone. It isn't l-business, since no area sensors (GPS) are utilized. EC Application Case 1. : The Success Story of Campusfood. com Questions 1. Arrange this application by EC exchange type. This is a half and half plan of action consolidating B2B and B2C components. The business goes about as a delegate to different organizations (cafés) and afterward exchanges these items to understudies (food). This business could be depicted as B2B2C. 2. Clarify the advantages of Campusfood. com for its understudies and for the cafés it spe aks to. The two players got profits by this relationship. Campusfood. com can make a market and income by exchanging restaurants’ food to understudies. The more prominent assortment of eateries that they speak to, the better conceivable market for understudies (and along these lines higher incomes). Cafés profits by the extra advertising and deals volume created by Campusfood. com 3. Follow the progression of digitized data in this endeavor. Campusfood. com gets eatery menus and enters them into their EC site. Shoppers see this data on the Internet and put in electronic requests to Campusfood. com. The requests are then sent carefully to the eatery. 4. How does the redistributing of showcasing exercises add to the business? By re-appropriating advertising exercises, the business can profit by the organizations ability around there. Moreover, the business can focus on its center capacities. EC Application Case 1. 3: Orbis Group Changes a Linear Physical Supply Chain to an Electronic Hub Questions 1. Distinguish the advantages of the ProductBank framework to the flexibly chain members. The center model is advantageous to the members in the flexibly chain since it takes out pointless strides simultaneously, and by doing so brings down by and large expense and speeds up the procedure. 2. Where does the cost decrease in the ProductBank procedure originate from? The cost decrease originates from a few areas. The principal region of decrease is the capacity for the retailer or their publicizing organization to promptly see and select a fitting picture without the utilization of a dispatch. At the point when a picture is chosen it tends to be quickly pulled from the database as opposed to being conveyed for filtering. 3. Where does the process duration decrease originate from? The process duration decrease originates from two

The Medieval Church Essay Example for Free

The Medieval Church Essay Lingberg and Duffy have an alternate look on The Medieval Church in the medieval times. Shockingly however, the congregation is frequently viewed as the capital of defilement, abhorrence, and experience. An outline of the emergency worried about cultivating, starvation and the Black Death. I thought Lindberg was more enticing than Duffy in view of how he considered cultivating, starvation and the Black Death. As the Medieval church offered numerous open doors for standard individuals, makes us figure they didn't generally thought about religion by any means. The King required the medieval church for political reasons, he thought about religion as well. The medieval church offered salvation, for individuals to admit their transgressions to the cleric. In medieval occasions individuals expected to go to paradise the main route was through the congregation. Individuals were not permitted to think contrastingly to what church had shown them, People were informed that God had willed it; they required religion and clarifications to endure. The Church was extremely significant in Medieval occasions than it is presently. In those days individuals required Church and religion to get their way through life. The Church controlled everybody even the King. It was imperative to individuals since it gave instruction to conventional individuals, the ministers offered guidance, care and relaxation notwithstanding religion. Individuals required ministers to wed, immerse and cover them, without the congregation there would be no clerics to do that. This shows the Church was critical to individuals in medieval ages. As we probably am aware very few individuals put stock in paradise and hellfire now, however nearly everybody had faith in them in medieval ages. Everybody needed to go to paradise when they passed on. They kept the church’s rules since it was the main way; they needed to admit to their wrongdoings to the cleric, for pardoning from God. The congregation was increasingly imperative to the ruler. He required it to d o crowning liturgies since they were strict services. Acknowledgment by the congregation was significant for Kings in the Middle Ages their notoriety depended on it. Individuals who were prohibited from the congregation and the rulers were known as social pariahs. Duffy contends that the places of worship were straightforwardly integrated with legislative issues and traditions that must be adhered to, there was next to no qualification between what was blessed and what was most certainly not. A great part of the congregation was developed of individuals who were affluent and in places of intensity; this was a road toâ exercise that force was more. They were bottomless in the congregation and were a significant piece of that attitude that one’s work can get them into paradise. A great part of the change realized by Martin Luther tested the idea of limbo, and consequently the centrality of guilty pleasures the manner in which the congregation was abusing them. The same number of things characterize the particular attributes of his tory, the Christian church has made an amazing achievement particularly during the Middle Ages. Christianitys rise as an official religion impacted not just the congregation, it empowered individuals to look past the fixation of intensity and common delights, yet to a last and extreme prize for a real existence all around spent. Everyone put their confidence in the expectation and love of the Christian God. It gave the individuals objectives and drove them to the correct way, yet for what reason is it looked downward on so brutally? Possibly it was a direct result of the riches it exemplified, or the disintegration of profound quality in the popes. A contemporary record states: â€Å"The cash was without a doubt what slaughtered the Jews. In the event that they had been poor and if the primitive masters had not been paying off debtors to them, they would not have been burnt† (Marcus 1973: 47). One can thoughtlessly presume that the Medieval church was degenerate and unholy, however that would not legitimize its reality. In like manner, the congregation was simply attempt ing to alter itself to a time of tumult and vulnerability. Lindberg contended that alongside the money related advantages guilty pleasure held for the congregation, there was a mental part which kept the loyal in a condition of dread of limbo or far more atrocious hellfire. This was one of the significant maltreatment and indications of defilement in the Medieval Church. The Reformation all the more frequently accentuates its social measurement, going past the doctrinal issues that partitioned Europeans. Since religion helped shape each part of European life, the acts of the new temples caused significant changes. Duffys contends that the English Reformation was unavoidable nor that it was the sole methods by which the reason for human opportunity could advance. Consecrated functions from absolution to keep going ceremonies had since a long time ago checked key minutes in the lives, families and networks. By canceling or changing the holy observances, the Medieval Church tested the social significance of these customs. This broke more seasoned understandings about sexuality and individual heavenliness and prompted heightened banter about the job of ladies in the public arena opposition. Poor alleviation and good cause implied something other than what's expected when they no longer filled in as rich people groups approach to perform retribution. The possibility that the medieval church wasâ immoral. Possibly assembling one thousand years of the historical backdrop of the congregation with a dismissal to any authentic improvement may speak to the medieval church as a degenerate establishment, yet at the same time it isn't important to venture to state that the congregation was degenerate. It is additionally significant that not all peers who were keen on the reconstruction joined Luther in his celebrated element, the Reformation. In light of this, Luther and different reformers are generally attributed with taking the congregation back to the New Testament perfect, which isn't really the situation. The Reformation specifically appears to be even more deserving of when we understand that it might not have been simply an inescapable response to a degenerate Church yet rather perhaps an unconstrained development, synchronous or about so with comparative developments that changed legislative issues and financial aspects in similarly extreme manners. Works Cited Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2010. Print.

Ethical Dilemma Faced in Combat Essay

At the point when two essential qualities are clashing there ought to be a decent morals code to fill in as a referee. Moral predicament is in this manner said to emerge when there are two essential qualities clashing in a person for instance a solider should be with his family and yet he is required to shield the administration from foes and authorize laws. During work he should pick between slaughtering the foe to ensure the state or show leniency toward the adversary to the detriment of state security. The solider now is having a progression of clashing standards would it be advisable for him to be at home with his family or not, in the event that he is on the job would it be advisable for him to assault and murder the adversary or would it be a good idea for him to leave his country to be prevailed? Moral difficulty is in this manner characterized as the contention between two significant moral qualities or points of view, for instance struggle between ones expert qualities and individual qualities, or it might be the contention between the qualities held by various individuals (Cohen 2007). Moral issue including two individuals with alternate points of view is run of the mill between a specialist and a patient where the patient feels he is having the privilege not to take prescription however the specialist feels that expertly he is qualified for keep his patient from settling on this choice that may hurt his life. For the US battles it is the expert worth clashing the individual incentive for instance should they slaughter or not and if so what are the potential outcomes. Further on the officers should be with their families however they can't on the grounds that they are some place in Iraq, Sudan, Israel and different pieces of the world keeping harmony or shielding the state from potential adversaries like the alqueda fear based oppressor gathering. Battles are the military faculty that are prepared by the US military safeguard segment to give both physical and ideological administrations expected to battle any foe of the state. With proceeded with increment in worldwide weakness these battles are prepared to manage the adversary in the most merciless manner conceivable regardless of whether it implies slaughtering the foe. This sort of preparing makes the welds to create poor moral relations with others all the more so anyone thought to be a foe of the government won't be treated with any pride by the battles. These individuals are constantly inclined to extraordinary infringement of human bioethical values on the grounds that numerous multiple times they are killed brutally without a second thought. The US military morals and measures of direct, offers rules to military work force remembering the battles for the sets of accepted rules and military morals to be followed precisely by any staff. Infringement of the US correctional military arrangement by any faculty may result to the arraignment of the wrongdoer under â€Å" The Uniform Cord of Military justice†. The US battles together with other help bunches should guide their administration and backing to connect with the US’s foe in battle and offer state security no matter what. They are constantly sorted out to work as a solitary unit under a one administrator who is qualified for provide arranges on the most proficient method to battle the adversary just as how to secure the state simultaneously. Inside this unit there are the military specialists who are liable for the injured or wiped out battles yet inside the military clinical morals. The moral qualities to be maintained by the battles are genuineness, respectability, responsibility, reasonableness, faithfulness, regard, mindful and guarantee keeping to the state individual battles and the residents. This applies to all the battles from the administrator to youngsters including the military clinical official. Anyway considers have uncovered that â€Å"Mixed Agency† and â€Å"conflicting loyalty† is as regular in battles for what it's worth in regular citizens with malignant battles legitimizing their demonstrations to assurance of the state leaving the straight forward ones in moral predicaments since they must be faithful to the state, they need to execute (Beam 2005). The moral difficulties confronting the battles remember struggle for military morals and wellbeing morals, bioethics, human mental morals just as military clinical morals. In this way the battles are left in immense issues on the most proficient method to address every particular incentive regarding their expert morals that is the military morals. One of the officers in Iraq was accounted for to have acknowledged that quite the war zone they were at difficulty not with the bioethical estimation of the adversary or the regular citizens yet additionally among the battles themselves. He said that it is really it was anything but a basic issue to execute or to be slaughtered, anyway the warriors need to consider their individual troopers, their nation and the motivation behind why they have gone for war. In the event that the leave the adversary to execute their individual fighters since they identify with the foe, the warriors are viewed as trading off the military morals. In the event that they execute the adversary they are viewed as war lawbreakers under the steady gaze of the law worried about global human rights. The fighter are then expected to secure the interests of their individual trooper and their country yet without trading off the enthusiasm of the regular citizens in war torn countries or the enthusiasm of the war rulers they battle with for instance the taliban bunch in Iraq. Anyway those inclination the touch of the situation here are the commandants, they need to put officers to fight knowing very well that passings will happen however there is nothing they can do on the grounds that they will do everything inside their forces to spare the lives of the warriors the can not achieve the mission. Proceeded with war everywhere throughout the world sees the battles being sent to different goals this has by a wide margin added more prominent measurements to the combat’s moral problems. With expanded wounds and passings the officers don't have a clue where to begin and end on the grounds that the issue currently is really found in their lives versus the calling. The US military morals doesn't offer any rule on whether to retain treatment from fighters with extreme mind wounds or not, the military specialists are the thus confronted with an exceptionally convoluted good and moral quandary. Here the specialist must pick between treating the most exceedingly awful and upsetting injuries he has ever observed or to let his individual fighter to bite the dust in the front lines like Iraq. In these circumstances the military specialist are fixated on keeping the injured troopers alive regardless of whether the injury is so genuine something they would not have done in US. The military morals back in US calls for sure fire end of life in such cases or a removal if any of the appendages is included, yet in the war tone Iraq the military specialists are doing precisely something contrary to what is anticipated from them. As of late warmed discussions were seen over the states to talk about the situation of ladies in US battle numerous individuals were against the view that females ought to be a piece of the group while others were supporting it by refering to the extraordinary jobs played by German ladies to battle the Nazi wars in the post war Germany. Anyway the principle moral quandary confronting the ladies is to pick between doing battle to shield their country from adversaries or to stay at home to think about the family. Yet, in the event that they do battle will they be sheltered with respect to their male counter taps in issues in regards to lewd activities and uniformity. To keep away from these difficulties there ought to be an all around characterized morals code to watch everyone engaging with the warriors for instance there ought to be a particular line to separate military morals and Bioethics or military morals and clinical morals. The warriors ought to embrace military job explicit ethic which just kindness military intrigue only and the clinical morals should likewise be elite to patients. No stirring up organization ought to happen in the various qualities. With regards to murdering for instance its a military morals that a fighter whom is relied upon to be harmed to recoup ought to be given dead, a warrior who deceives the central government ought to likewise confront the equivalent yet what of bioethics, is truly option to slaughter? The troopers ought to in this manner be careful not to act brutally, they ought to figure out how to be adaptable in their activities not to be affected by individual fighters or even the state however ought to consider the estimations of the individuals they meet in war. The battles ought to likewise build up the abilities of tuning in and gaining from the mix-ups made in the past by them or associates to abstain from making any further blunders. They ought to likewise figure out how to settle on their own choices paying little mind to the unforeseen circumstances they experience in the combat zones and act appropriately with respect to military morals and other good morals.

The Aztec Empire - Free Essay Example

Empires throughout history have always consisted of interesting events ranging from barbaric invasions of native lands to peaceful adaptations of new cultures that ultimately led to economic, political, and educational development. The Aztec Empire followed the path of growth through the Mexica people, a semi-nomadic group from northern Mexico, who migrated south to Lake Texcoco by 1325 and began to build their own capital city of Tenochtitlan. During this development in Mesoamerica, the Aztec Empire was able to construct a stable economy that included markets and the production of craft goods in order to maintain the rapid growing population. Politically, the Aztec Empire was made up of a series of city-states called altepetl and each one was appointed a supreme leader (tlatoani) and supreme judge/administrator (cihuacoatl) through a caste-based system. These leaders oversaw the economy of their cities and the supreme court laws. Education in the Aztec Empire was one of the first to have mandatory education for nearly all children regardless of class or gender and others in the society excelled in engineering, mathematics, and sciences that led to innovative advances. These developments in economics, politics, and education allowed the Aztecs to build one of the largest and most powerful empires in Mesoamerica. The extent of empire and rapid population growth stimulated the development of markets and the productions of goods. The Aztecs traded everything and their economy heavily relied on their ways of agriculture and farming. Virtually every settlement had marketplaces that were filled with nonstop activity throughout the days and the largest one was Tlatelolco. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes who defeated the Aztecs stated that, every kind of merchandise such as can be met with in every land is for sale there. These goods ranged from food and victuals, ornaments of gold and silver, brass, lead, tin, copper, precious stones, and feathers. Within these markets were professional merchants referred to as pochteca who dealt with large market purchases and trades while also obtaining slaves who were used for human sacrifices that, in the Aztec minds, bettered their land. The Aztecs were able to have such a diverse marketplace due to their styles of agriculture and farming that was made possible through their floating gardens. These were artificial islands created from swamplands that were able to support such an efficient and productive agriculture, officially called chinampas. The Chinampas consisted of small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds and their consistency made it possible for Aztecs to use sticks to turn the soil as they did not have appropriate tools at the time. The Aztecs were able to provide such crops and textiles in massive amounts like no other and supplied their resources through numerous canals, dikes, causeways, and bridges which factored in to their large marketplace. Within these marketplaces, goods were exchanged through either trading same value items or through purchases made with their currency, cocoa beans and quachtli. The economy of the Aztec Empire was sustained by three main pillars of trade, agriculture, and tribute. Agriculture was needed to sustain the growing population at the time u ntil it reached a point where they were able to trade the surplus amount of goods to other neighboring regions. Marketplaces and travelling merchants soon began to play significant roles in the economy as they distributed and received goods that would aid their expansion. As the Aztec Empire began growing and developing their economy, they began to focus on and develop a political system that would regulate their cities, trading, markets, and people of the society. They followed a caste-based system similar to that of Islams in which those who were born into wealthy and noble families immediately had more power and opportunity than those of the lower class. With this system in affect, the city-states in Mesoamerica consisted of two people in power: a supreme leader (tlatoani) and supreme judge/administrator (cihuacoatl). The tlatoani of these altepetl was the ultimate owner of all land in his city-state, oversaw markets and temples, resolved judicial disputes, led the military, and received tribute. Due to the caste system, these leaders had to fulfill certain requirements such as: come from a noble class and royal heritage, be over the age of thirty, be educated at one of the elite calmecac schools, and to be experienced warriors and military leaders .. As emperors passed away, new ones were elected either by a high council of four nobles who were related to the previous ruler or chosen from the siblings of the previous emperor. Although the emperors of these altepetl had absolute power and believed to be a representative of the gods, they governed with the help of four advisors and a senior advisor in order to make the most efficient and correct choices for the Empire. Following as second to the emperor were the supreme judges and administrators known as the cihuacoatl who focused on the legal, criminal, and international laws in order to keep order on society. Aztec laws were based on royal decrees and on customs that had been passed down from generation to generation and they were also interpreted and applied by Aztec judges in the various court systems. For example, if laws were broken by means of crime (theft, treachery, and a priests violation of the rule of chastity) punishment was the most common justice. They had a pris on a system that divided acts of crime in terms of seriousness and each system had different punishments. These four classes were the cuauhcalli (death row), teilpiloyan (debtors prison), petlacalli (minor crimes), and a fourth which was a probation where a governor would place boundaries on an individual that they were not allowed to cross. The Aztec Empire had a strong political system that kept their people at bay. This was necessary due to their proud and strong military force that was continuously at war with its neighboring territories. War was justified when a territory closed its roads to commerce and when a merchant or ambassador was killed, which usually led to conquering those territories in order to collect tribute and obtain captives for human sacrifice. The Aztec Empire excelled in many parts in education within children and adults and it led to innovations that helped structure even some of todays education system. The Aztecs were one of the first civilizations that required education to all children regardless of gender, class, or status. They were to be homeschooled until 10-15 years of age and receive at least some kind of physical school education anywhere between 10-20 years old. Of course, due to the caste system some children were a little more privileged than others which led to having higher standard schools for the noble classes called calmecacs and more basic schools called telpochcalli for the commoners that taught practical and military studies. The calmecac schools focused more on creating leaders, priests, and scholars from sons of royal families by teaching them about rituals, ancient and contemporary history, literacy, calendrics, and some elements of geometry. These teachings and focus on education led to many int elligent people who were able to excel in areas such as engineering, mathematics, medicine and science. In the 1420s, they engineered and constructed the Chapultepec aqueduct to bring clean water to their city from the springs at Chapultepec on the mainland because the demand for fresh water increased as the population did. The double canal ran for three miles and made it so there will be guaranteed water flowing in when one canal was being serviced or maintained. The Aztecs were also able to deal with the problem of being surrounded by water and nearly flooding in the 1400s by building a dam to control the water. The dam was 12 feet high, spanned 10 miles protecting Tenochtitlan and was created with adjustable doors to allow water to pass when needed and was considered the largest earthwork at its time. These intelligent creations were possible due to the Aztecs understanding of mathematics such as multiplication, division, geometry, and linear measurements. They used a base 20 num ber system that consisted of dots and other symbols to represent large numbers such as a flag for 20, a fir tree for 400, and a bag for 8000. In terms of measurements, they also used symbols such as hands, bones, or arrows in order to express fractional distances when calculating areas of lands. Not only did the Aztecs excel in math or engineering, but also medicine and surgeries. Aztec physicians known as tictils, were accomplished herbalist who performed medicinal research and identified illness to be caused by three different possibilities: anger of the gods, witchcraft from enemies, or natural causes. In either case, tictils used an extensive inventory of herbs and plants that acted as medicine, painkillers, and helped heal wounds after surgeries performed with volcanic glass as knives. The Aztec Empire used their strength in education in many areas from educating children to innovative engineering and medicinal research to further increase the wellness of the empire. The Aztec Empire grew to be one of the largest and most powerful empires in Mesoamerica and it was clearly well deserved. They were able to develop in many key areas that creates a strong empire such as economics, politics, and education while maintaining all aspects until their defeat by Spanish invaders.They created a strong internal and external trading system and marketplace by efficiently aggregating and cultivating to mass produce food and crops in order to exchange with nearby territories. This in turn allowed them to receive materials and resources that they lacked and others excelled in. They were able to manage and maintain these marketplaces by appointing noble emperors and administrators to their altepetl that not only regulated economy, but also society. They created laws and consequences in order to keep new and old populations in line as they continued to grow and expand. While growing and maintaining both the economy and politics, they were still able to focus educati on in order to excel within their own empire. They did so by creating complex number systems, engineering and constructing innovative builds, and learning how to aid the population as illnesses and accidents occurred. Despite the Aztec Empire falling to Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes, they were able to leave a mark in history on their developments, and something many other empires were able to learn from.

Changan - Capital of the Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties

Changan is the name of one of the most important and immense ancient capital cities of ancient China. Known as the eastern terminal of the Silk Road, Changan is located in Shaanxi Province about 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) northwest of the modern town of XiAn. Changan served as capital to the leaders of the Western Han (206 BC-220 AD), Sui (581-618 CE), and Tang (618-907 AD) dynasties. ChangAn was established as a capital in 202 BC by the first Han Emperor Gaozu (ruled 206-195), and it was destroyed during the political upheaval at the end of the Tang dynasty in 904 AD. The Tang dynasty city occupied an area seven times larger than the current modern city, which itself dates to the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing(1644-1912) dynasties. Two Tang dynasty buildings still stand today―the Large and Small Wild Goose Pagodas (or palaces), built in the 8th century AD; the rest of the city is known from historical records and archaeological excavations conducted since 1956 by the Chinese Institute of Archaeology (CASS). Western Han Dynasty Capital At about AD 1, the population of ChangAn was nearly 250,000, and it was a city of international importance for its role as the eastern end of the Silk Road. The Han Dynasty city was laid out as an irregular polygon surrounded by a pounded-earth wall 12-16 meters (40-52 feet) wide at the base and more than 12 m (40 ft) high. The perimeter wall ran a total of 25.7 km (16 mi or 62 li in the measurement used by Han). The wall was pierced by 12 city gates, five of which have been excavated. Each of the gates had three gateways, each 6-8 m (20-26 ft) wide, accommodating the traffic of 3-4 adjacent carriages. A moat provided additional security, surrounding the city and measuring 8 m wide by 3 m deep (26x10 ft). There were eight main roads in Han dynasty ChangAn, each between 45-56 m (157-183 ft) wide; the longest leads from the Gate of Peace and was 5.4 km (3.4 mi) long. Each boulevard was divided into three lanes by two drainage ditches. The middle lane was 20 m (65 ft) wide and reserved exclusively for the use of the emperor. The lanes on either side averaged 12 m (40 ft) in width. Main Han Dynasty Buildings The Changle Palace compound, known as the Donggong or eastern Palace and located in the southeastern part of the city, was approximately 6 sq km (2.3 sq mi) in surface area. It served as the living quarters for the Western Han empresses. The Weiyang Palace compound or Xigong (western palace) occupied an area of 5 sq km (2 sq mi) and was located in the southwestern side of the city; it was where Han emperors held daily meetings with city officials. Its principal building was the Anterior Palace, a structure including three halls and measuring 400 m north/south and 200 m east/west (1300x650 ft). It must have towered over the city, as it was built on a foundation that was 15 m (50 ft) in height at the north end. At the north end of the Weiyang compound was the Posterior Palace and buildings that housed the imperial administration offices. The compound was surrounded by a pounded earth wall. The Gui palace compound is much larger than Weiyang but has not yet been fully excavated or at least not reported in the western literature. Administrative Buildings and Markets In a administrative facility located between the Changle and Weiyang palaces was discovered 57,000 small bones (from 5.8-7.2 cm), each of which were inscribed with the name of an article, its measurement, number, and date of manufacture; its workshop where it was created, and the names of both the artisan and the official who commissioned the object. An armory held seven storehouses, each with densely arranged weapon racks and many iron weapons. A large zone of pottery kilns that manufactured brick and tile for the palaces was located north of the armory. Two markets were identified within the northwestern corner of the Han city of ChangAn, the eastern market measuring 780x700 m (2600x2300 ft, and the western market measuring 550x420 m (1800x1400 ft). Throughout the city were foundries, mints, and pottery kilns and workshops. The pottery kilns produced funerary figures and animals, in addition to daily utensils and architectural brick and tile. In the southern suburbs of Changan were remains of ritual structures, such as the Piyong (imperial academy) and jiumiao (ancestral temples to the Nine Ancestors), both of which were established by Wang-Meng, who ruled ChangAn between 8-23 AD. The piyong was built according to Confucian architecture, a square on top of a circle; while the jiumiao was built on the contemporary but contrasting principles of Yin and Yang (female and male) and Wu Xing (5 Elements). Imperial Mausoleum Numerous tombs have been found dated to the Han Dynasty, including two imperial mausoleums, the Ba Mausoleum (Baling) of Emperor Wen (r. 179-157 BC), in an eastern suburb of the city; and the Du mausoleum (Duling) of Emperor Xuan (r. 73-49 BC) in southeastern suburbs. Duling is a typical elite Han Dynasty tomb. Within its gated, pounded earth walls are separate complexes for the burials of the emperor and empress. Each interment is centrally located within a gated rectangular surrounding wall and covered by a pyramidal pounded-earth mound. Both have a walled courtyard outside of the burial enclosure, including a retiring hall (qindian) and a side hall (biandian) where ritual activities associated with the buried person were conducted, and where the individuals royal costumes were displayed. Two burial pits contained hundreds of nude life-sized terracotta figures―they were clothed when placed there but the cloth has rotted away. The pits also included a number of pottery tiles and bricks, bronzes, gold pieces, lacquers, pottery vessels, and weapons. Also at Duling was a shared mausoleum temple with an altar, located 500 m (1600 ft) from the tombs. Satellite tombs found east of the mausoleums were built during the rulers dynasty, some of which are quite large, many of them with conical pounded earth mounds. Sui and Tang Dynasties Chang​an was called Daxing during the Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD) and it was founded in 582 AD. The city was renamed Changan by the Tang dynasty rulers and served as its capital until its destruction in 904 AD.   Daxing was designed by the Sui Emperor Wens (r. 581-604) famous architect Yuwen Kai (555-612 AD). Yuwen laid out the city with a highly formal symmetry that integrated natural scenery and lakes. The design served as a model for many other Sui and later cities. The layout was maintained through the Tang Dynasty: most of the Sui palaces were also used by Tang dynasty emperors. An enormous pounded-earth wall, 12 m (40 ft) thick at the base, enclosed an area of approximately 84 sq km (32.5 sq mi). At each of the twelve gates, a fired brick fa ¸ade led into the city. Most of the gates had three gateways, but the main Mingde Gate had five, each 5 m (16 ft) wide. The city was arranged as a set of nested districts: the guocheng (outer walls of the city describing its limits), the huangcheng or imperial district (an area of 5.2 sq km or 2 sq mi), and the gongcheng, the palace district, containing an area of 4.2 sq km (1.6 sq mi). Each district was surrounded by its own walls. Main Buildings of the Palace District The gongcheng included the Taiji Palace (or Daxing Palace during the Sui dynasty) as its central structure; an imperial garden was built to the north. Eleven great avenues or boulevards ran north to south and 14 east to west. These avenues divided the city into wards containing residences, offices, markets, and Buddhist and Daoist temples. The only two extant buildings from ancient Changan are two of those temples: the Great and Small Wild Goose Pagodas. The Temple of Heaven, located south of the city and excavated in 1999, was a circular pounded earth platform composed of four concentric stepped circular altars, stacked on top of one another to a height of between 6.75-8 m (22-26 ft) and 53 m (173 ft) in diameter. Its style was the model for the Ming and Qing Imperial Temples of Heaven in Beijing. In 1970, a hoard of 1,000 silver and gold objects, as well as jade and other precious stones called the Hejiacun Hoard was discovered at Changan. The hoard dated to 785 AD was found in an elite residence. Burials: a Sogdian in China One of the individuals involved in the Silk Road trade that was so central to the importance of ChangAn was Lord Shi, or Wirkak, a Sogdian or ethnic Iranian buried in ChangAn. Sogdiana was located in what is today Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan, and they were responsible for the central Asian oasis towns of Samarkand and Bukhara. Wirkaks tomb was discovered in 2003, and it includes elements from both Tang and Sogdian cultures. The underground square chamber was created in the Chinese style, with access provided by a ramp, an arched passageway and two doors. Inside was a stone outer sarcophagus measuring 2.5 m long x 1.5 m wide x 1.6 cm high (8.1x5x5.2 ft), lavishly decorated with painted and gilded reliefs depicting scenes of banquets, hunting, travels, caravans, and deities. On the lintel above the door are two inscriptions, naming the man as Lord Shi, a man of the nation of Shi, originally from the Western countries, who moved to Changan and was appointed sabao of Liangzhou. His name is inscribed in Sogdian as Wirkak, and it says that he died at the age of 86 in the year 579, and was married to the Lady Kang who died one month after him and was buried by his side. On the southern and eastern sides of the coffin are inscribed scenes associated with the Zoroastrian faith and in Zoroastrian fashion, the selection of the south and eastern sides to decorate corresponds to the direction the priest faces when officiating (south) and the direction of Paradise (east). Among the inscriptions is the priest-bird, which may represent the Zoroastrian deity Dahman Afrin. The scenes described the Zorastrian journey of the soul after death. Tang Sancai Pottery Tang Sancai is the general name for vividly color-glazed pottery produced during the Tang dynasty, especially between 549-846 AD. Sancai means three colors, and those colors refer typically (but not exclusively) to yellow, green and white glazes. Tang Sancai was famous for its association with the Silk Road--its style and shape were borrowed by Islamic potters at the other end of the trade network. A pottery kiln site was found at ChangAn named Liquanfang and used during the early 8th century AD. Liquanfang is one of only five known tang sancai kilns, the other four are Huangye or Gongxian Kilns in Henan Province; Xing Kiln in Hebei Province, Huangbu or Huuangbao Kiln and Xian Kiln in Shaanxi. Sources: Cui J, Rehren T, Lei Y, Cheng X, Jiang J, and Wu X. 2010. Western technical traditions of pottery making in Tang Dynasty China: chemical evidence from the Liquanfang Kiln site, Xian city. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(7):1502-1509.Grenet F, Riboud P, and Yang J. 2004. Zoroastrian scenes on a newly discovered Sogdian tomb in Xian, northern China. Studia Iranica 33:273-284.Lei Y, Feng SL, Feng XQ, and Chai ZF. 2007. A provenance study of Tang Sancai from Chinese tombs and relics by INAA. Archaeometry 49(3):483-494.Liang M. 2013. Scenes of Music-Making and Dancing in Wall Paintings of the Tang Tombs in the Xian Area. Music in Art 38(1-2):243-258.Yang X. 2001. Entry 78: Changan Capital Site at Xian, Shaanxi Province. In: Yang X, editor. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past. New Haven: Yale University Press. p 233-236.Yang X. 2001. Entry 79: Imperial mausoleums of the Western Han dynasty at Xian and the Xianyang Plains, Shaanxi Province. In: Yang X, editor. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past. New Haven: Yale University Press. p 237-242.Yang X. 2001. Entry 117: Daxing-ChangAn Capitals and Daming Palace Sites at Xian, Shaanxi province. In: Yang X, editor. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past. New Haven: Yale University Press. p 389-393.Yang X. 2001. Entry 122: Hoard of Gold and SIlver Objects at Hejiacum, Xian, Shaanxi province. In: Yang X, editor. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past. New Haven: Yale University Press. p 3412-413.

The Cure Of Parkinson s Disease - 1761 Words

Abstract Parkinson s is a very complex subject since there is still no cure and heredity still can t be proven. As a CNA you are expected to know that there are different diseases with different needs. Parkinson s has many signs and symptoms. If tremors are noticeable it is best to get a check up, but just because you show signs it is no reason to self diagnose. Before Parkinson s begins you can always try to prevent it. Who knew caffeine could prevent Parkinson s. Although Parkinson s can be prevented, there are still some things that make you more prone to getting Parkinson s. Some things include age and heredity. Science is always changing and you never know what things can be invented to stop Parkinson s or maybe even reverse†¦show more content†¦Parkinson’s is a disease that is believed to be a neurological disease. This disease is caused by the dopamine in the brainstem and cerebellum, and the brain stems inability to produce enough dopamine. There are many signs that te ll people Parkinson s is present, and although there is a cure, it doesn t always work. As a Certified nursing student there are many things we can do to help a patient or resident with Activities of daily living. As a CNA it is a great idea to know more in depth about diseases to better help residents and patients. Signs and Symptoms: Parkinson’s like many diseases can be detected if you notice the things that s most patients with Parkinson s have. Although these signs to conclude Parkinson s having one sign or symptom is not enough to diagnose that you may or may not have Parkinson s. One of the most common of theses signs and symptoms is tremors, which means â€Å"uncontrolled trembling† (Hegner, Acello, Caldwell, 2008). The trembling usually starts at the fingers and moves up the arm, until eventually is reaches both arms. In the case of the legs, the tremors would start at the toes and moves up the leg to the thighs. Tremors can also be in the head and the jaw. The next thing to notice in a person with Parkinson s Muscular rigidity which means â€Å"loss of flexibility† (Hegner, Acello, Caldwell, 2008) in the muscles. The muscles in the body become less stretchable and limits the

Contemporary Indigenous Health Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Indigenous Health. Answer: Indigenous population living in remote communities suffer from poor health status and longevity as compared to other Australians, the imbalance is to be addressed by healthcare professionals by ensuring optimal quality care devoid of discrimination and injustice. Nurses play a significant role in the improvement of health and wellbeing of indigenous people, and they require both cultural respect and clinical skills to do so (Hunt et al. 2015). The RN Standards, UTS Graduate attributes, and Indigenous Graduate attributes guide decision making of nurses while caring for this section of the population. The present essay focuses on contemporary indigenous health and wellbeing from the nurses point of view and puts up a reflection on personal experience in this regard. The essay first highlights the assumptions made prior to providing nursing care for indigenous people. The second section of the essay reflects on personal experience using Gibbs reflection model. The consecutive part of th e essay puts forward an action plan based on the conclusion drawn from the reflection. The essay provides a logical conclusion to the comprehensive discussion. As a nurse, I understand that I am accountable for providing safe and high quality care to the patients presenting diverse health issues and concerns. In this regard, I would like to mention that I lacked a clear knowledge of the requisites of providing secured and culturally competent care to individuals belonging to the indigenous groups. Prior to delivery of care to the indigenous population, I had the assumption that I lacked adequate skills and knowledge imperative for caring for the indigenous population. I strongly felt that I was not well equipped and knowledgeable about the attributes one must possess while caring for the vulnerable population. At this juncture, I would like to highlight that I felt the need of addressing my inability to demonstrate appropriate skills while caring for an indigenous population. Communication, in my viewpoint, is the most crucial factor while a nurse is caring for a patient. I believed that I lacked effective communication skills that would en able me to care for patients from diverse backgrounds. According to Ramjan, Hunt and Salamonson (2016) nurses are to be aware of the differences in nonverbal and verbal communication needs of the indigenous and nonindigenous population. Further, they must appreciate the cultural and linguistic aspects of interactions demonstrated by this group. Recognizing chances of miscommunication is a crucial aspect that nurses must address while delivering care. Devitt et al. (2017) in this regard highlighted that nurses must understand the adverse consequences of communication breakdown when a patient is unable to express his viewpoints and opinions. Molloy (2017) pinpointed that effective health care communication between care providers and indigenous patients witnesses numerous challenges. These barriers are to be overcome at every stage by nurses in a competent manner. Prior to commencing CIHWB, I was apprehensive of the outcomes that were to be experienced as a result of caring for patients from the indigenous population. I was looking forward to translate my minimal skills and knowledge into practice. My aim was to learn from experiences and engage in professional development for future practices. I was hopeful that CIHWB would be a fulfilling experience, providing me the opportunity to determine my key strengths and weaknesses that I need to work on at an immediate basis. Coming to the next part of the essay, personal experience regarding CIHWB would be explained with the help of Gibbs reflective cycle. Reflective writing with the help of an established framework is a deliberate and active process of critically examining practice. A nurse is challenged to undertake the process of self-inquiry. Gibb's reflective cycle permits a systematic and structured analysis and reflection of any selected experience (McEwen Wills 2017). With this reflection, I would be able to look deep into my experience and feelings with successful interpretation of the same. The key events from CIHWB summer sessions pertained to experiences of patient care through which I got wide exposure to diverse, challenging clinical scenarios. These scenarios were significant to my continual learning process as a nurse for fostering professional development. We were provided with various opportunities to demonstrate our critical thinking skills and decision making ability. One particular scenario that was significant in this context would be explained in here. On my third day of CIHWB session I was placed at the recovery room where a 31 year old woman, Ms. G, was recovering from surgery due to elective termination of pregnancy. Upon investigating I came to know that the patient had an indigenous background, living in a remote town of the state. As a result she had language barriers in communication and needed an interpreter to communicate her needs and opinions. Preoperatively, she had an interpreter present to engage in effective communication; however, the interpreter was not present in the recovery period. When she gained consciousness after surgery she saw a 3-year-old boy admitted at the next bed to hers. This made her distressed and started crying. She appeared to have no clear understanding of English language and all the attempts to console her went into vain. I gave best efforts to calm her down and help her in gaining control over her feelings; however, she was not ready to comprehend. I felt that the patient was upset upon seeing the boy in the recovery room and went to get a mobile screen for separating Ms. G from the boy. This however made the situation worse as she became more upset. Realizing the importance of the situation I called the concerned personnel to request the interpreter to visit the recovery room as I was not able to reassure the patient due to the communication barrier. It was disturbing to find that the 3 year old boy was also upset. The interpreter arrived soon after and helped the patient to verbalize that the presence of the child made her feel depressed as she had undergone pregnancy termination. I felt helpless as I was not in a position to understand the reason behind the patients disturbed emotional front. I also felt guilty of not being able to reassure her and calm her down. Further, I felt sorry for the 3 year old boy who was very much distracted by the surrounding environment. I was also concerned that the patient felt isolated when the screen was placed and might have felt judged due to her reactions. At this point, it would be essential to evaluate the experience and understand the implication for indigenous healthcare practice. Ms. G was in a vulnerable position due to her surgery at the recovery room and required the elimination of communication barriers. Though I attempted to resolve the issue by placing the screen, it only added to the anguish and stress suffered by the patient. It was, however, a good decision to call the interpreter upon applying critical analysis skills. In this manner I had been able to provide the patient with safe and companionate care. Analysis of the experience would help in drawing key messages from the scenario. According to Piercey and Robinson (2017) nurses are to be culturally competent while caring from patients from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Communication is perceived as the most basic component of cross culture care and nurses must be considering all possible mean of eliminating language barriers. I feel that I should have considered calling the interpreter right after the patient was brought in the recovery room. Though I have attempted to resolve the situation my ability to care for the patient proved to be insufficient. Chang and Daly (2015) suggested that nurses must address their deficits for ensuring that cross cultural and communication differences do not arise. Use of translators and interpreters is the best aid in this regard. Based on the literature at the time of analysis, it is clear that it would have been appropriate if I had called the interpreter for reducing the anxiety, stress and emotional pain felt by the patient under my care. In my opinion, it was in concern of both the patients to place the screen between them. Scarcity of resources might not enable the presence of an interpreter at certain point of time, but as advocates of patients a nurse must ensure to act in the patients best interest. Reflection on the nursing scenario entails changes to be brought in future practice based on RN Standards, UTS Graduate attributes and Indigenous Graduate attributes. As per the NMBA RN standard 1, nurses must engage in therapeutic and professional relationships. Further, as per standard 6, nurses must provide safe, appropriate and responsive quality nursing practice (Daly et al. 2017). I would adhere to these two standards in my future professional practice. The UTS Graduate attributes focus on ensuring that the graduates are well-rounded professionals who are ready to make a place for them in the respective domain in future. These attributes include communication and collaboration, Indigenous proficiency, professional competence, critical thinking, and leadership. As a healthcare professional, I would ensure that I demonstrate all these skills in due course of my practice. As per the Indigenous Graduate attributes, a graduate is to communicate effectively and ethically within Indig enous Australian contexts. Abiding by this statement, I would focus on engaging in effective communication with my clients from an indigenous background. At the end of the essay, it is to be concluded that as a healthcare professional delivering care to indigenous people, I would engage work in a more focused manner. The care process of a nurse is to be informed by attributes designed for ensuring indigenous health and wellbeing. I felt this reflective essay has been highly valuable in guiding my future practice. There lies immense scope of applying the key insights taken from the reflective work that would help in future professional development. This would be further informed by key nursing practice standards and attributes. References Chang, E. Daly, J., 2015.Transitions in Nursing-E-Book: Preparing for Professional Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Daly, J., Speedy, S. Jackson, D., 2017.Contexts of nursing: An introduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. Devitt, J., Anderson, K., Cunningham, J., Preece, C., Snelling, P. Cass, A., 2017. Difficult conversations: Australian Indigenous patients views on kidney transplantation.BMC nephrology,vol. 18, no. 1, p.310. Hunt, L., Ramjan, L., McDonald, G., Koch, J., Baird, D. Salamonson, Y., 2015. Nursing students' perspectives of the health and healthcare issues of Australian Indigenous people.Nurse education today,vol 35, no.3, pp.461-467. McEwen, M. Wills, E.M., 2017.Theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Molloy, L., 2017. Nursing care and indigenous Australians: An autoethnography.Collegian,vol. 24, no. 5, pp.487-490. Piercey, C. Robinson, M., 2017. Indigenous nursing workforce, to achieve equality in healthcare services.Australian nursing midwifery journal,vol. 24, no.9, pp.39-39. Ramjan, L., Hunt, L. Salamonson, Y., 2016. Predictors of negative attitudes toward Indigenous Australians and a unit of study among undergraduate nursing students: A mixed-methods study.Nurse education in practice,vol. 17, pp.200-207.